Vorlesung Seminar Solar Thermal Heating

Learning Outcomes: • Learning the use of solar thermal energy for domestic hot water, space heating, swimming pool heating and air conditioning; learning how to evaluate systems on the basis of calculating energy balance; learning how to design and dimension solar thermal plants for domestic hot water, space heating and air conditioning (as components and as total system) as well as how to plan the connection of the systems with one another and with the building; learning how to use planning tools and simulation programs. • Realizing the operating limits of non-focusing collectors and the need for focusing collectors; understanding the basic theory of energy concentration; knowledge of the different components of a focusing collector; knowledge of the different types of solar concentrators and the relative merits of each type, the achieved concentration ratios and the possible levels of delivery temperature; knowledge of the common features and the differences between different types; ability to make the calculations to yield the output power, the delivery temperature (for specific types) and the performance indices. • The students are able to estimate the solar radiation on a oriented surfaces; they have basic knowledge about the physics of photovoltaic cell materials, production and modules structure; they understand the basic electrical characteristics of the solar module and required power conditioning unit for grid operation; they are able to design grid connected PV systems and to estimate the performance criteria using simulation software tools. Literatur • J.A. Duffie and W.A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley, 3rd edition, 2006. • H.-M. Henning, Solar-Assisted Air-Conditioning in Buildings: A Handbook for Planners, Springer; 2nd edition, 2007. • A.B. Meinel and M.P. Meinel, Applied Solar Energy, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1977. • M. M. Elsayed, I.S. Taha and J.A. Sabbagh, Design of Solar Thermal Systems, Scientific Publishing Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, 1994. • Selection of published papers (will be handed out). • T. Markvart and Luis Castaner (ed.), Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics, Fundamentals and Applications, Elsevier Science, 1st edition, 2003. • A. Goetzberger and V.U. Hoffmann, Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation, Springer, 1st edition, 2010. • R.A. Messenger and J. Ventre, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, CRC Press, 3rd edition, 2010. • J.A. Duffie and W.A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 3rd edition, 2006. • M.A. Green, Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion, Springer, 2005. Bemerkung Media: Black board and beamer, lectures and power point presentations. • J.A. Duffie and W.A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Wiley, 3rd edition, 2006. • H.-M. Henning, Solar-Assisted Air-Conditioning in Buildings: A Handbook for Planners, Springer; 2nd edition, 2007. • A.B. Meinel and M.P. Meinel, Applied Solar Energy, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1977. • M. M. Elsayed, I.S. Taha and J.A. Sabbagh, Design of Solar Thermal Systems, Scientific Publishing Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, 1994. • Selection of published papers (will be handed out). • T. Markvart and Luis Castaner (ed.), Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics, Fundamentals and Applications, Elsevier Science, 1st edition, 2003. • A. Goetzberger and V.U. Hoffmann, Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation, Springer, 1st edition, 2010. • R.A. Messenger and J. Ventre, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, CRC Press, 3rd edition, 2010. • J.A. Duffie and W.A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 3rd edition, 2006. • M.A. Green, Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion, Springer, 2005. Bemerkung Media: Black board and beamer, lectures and power point presentations. Leistungsnachweis written exam, presentation Lerninhalte • Solar thermal heating: basics of heat transfer and thermodynamic basics, recapitulation of basics of solar radiation including calculation of radiation on the inclined, adjusted area, solar radiation distribution, spatial and temporal solar radiation variations; components of solar thermal plants: collector loop, collectors, energy balance of solar collectors, simplified efficiency curve, collector types, collector materials, selective surfaces; heat carrier: thermophysical properties, pressure drop and heat transfer, chemical stability, solubility of gases; collector loop: deventing device, expansion device, pump group, stagnation of solar collectors, drain back system, natural circulation system, control system; components of solar thermal plants: heat storage; general tasks of heat storage, thermophysical properties of heat stores, heat stores for conventional systems, domestic hot water demand (DHW), space heating demand, hydraulics of conventional systems, passive heat stores; hot water stores, stores for natural circulation plants (double mantle tanks), stores for forced circulation plants, function of internal and external heat exchangers, stratification devices, legionella, limestone, hydraulics of series/parallel connected heat stores; solar combi stores: design, charging/discharging schemes, overview on seasonal storage, overview on latent heat/sorption; hydraulics, design and control of solar thermal plants; general rules of hydraulics, collector hydraulics (low flow/high flow/match flow), one way valve in collector loop, decoupling of hydraulic circuits, natural circulation plants, DHW plants, solar combisystems (DHW + space heating), compact units; large solar thermal plants: large solar thermal plants for multi family houses; large centralized solar thermal plants using district heating and long term stores; solar assisted swimming pools: collectors, hydraulics and control; solar assisted air conditioning; solar process heat: temperature levels of several industrial processes, collector types for different temperature levels, examples of designed systems; dimensioning of solar thermal plants: DHW plants, swimming pools, combisystems; simulation tools for solar thermal systems: Meteonorm (climate data generator), TSOL, POLYSUN, TRNSYS, others; monitoring and optimization: system failures, methods for long term monitoring, methods for system optimization. • Fundamentals, introduction: introduction into solar meteorology, basic theory of focusing collectors, range of concentration ratios, components of a focusing collector, complications, application problems, lack of a generalized treatment; theoretical and practical solar images; different classifications: line and point focusing collectors, different forms of concentrators, different positions and the use of heliostats, different shapes of receivers, orienting or tracking mechanisms, manual or mechanized operation of orienting mechanisms, typical concentration ratios required for various temperature levels; energy balance: general energy balance and explanation of different terms, variation of useful energy gain with concentration ratio; optical losses: specular reflectance, practical values, special considerations when calculating cover transmittance and receiver absorptance, intercept factor; evaluation of thermal losses; thermal inertia effects: storage effect and transient effect; analysis of specific types of reflective concentrators; examples: parabolic trough, Fresnel concentrators, axicon concentrator, concentration profile, temperature distributions, performance indices, stationary-reflector-tracking-absorber (SRTA), conical-bucket concentrator, central-tower receiver, storages and heat transfer., • Photovoltaics (PV) repetition of the necessary basic knowledge of electrical engineering, grid connected PV systems, introduction to PV systems and applications, characteristics of the solar radiation (diffuse, direct, and albedo) and estimating the radiation on the PV module, physics of solar cells (photovoltaic effect), semiconductor material and their application in PV, PV materials and cell technologies (mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline, thin-film technology) and production technology for solar cells and modules, electrical characteristics of solar cells and modules, maximum power point (MPP), aim and techniques of MPP-tracking, basic components of grid connected PV-Systems (cabling, protection), inverter-concepts (with and without transformer), local requirements and legislation for integration of PV systems to the utility grid, PV systems evaluation criteria (energy yield, performance ratio), design of grid connected PV systems (sizing of PV generator, cabling protection, inverter), implementing simulation tools (e.g. PV*SOL or INSEL) for the design and forecast of PV system performance, project work. FB 16 Elektrotechnik / Informatik written exam, presentation Uni Kassel WiSe 2016/17 REMENA Prof. Dr. Khalil Adel